Dec 11, 2025 · Integrated circuit, an assembly of electronic components with miniature devices built up on a semiconductor substrate. The resulting circuit is thus a small monolithic ‘chip,’ which may be as …

Dec 11, 2025 · Integrated circuit - Fabrication, Components, Processes: The substrate material, or base wafer, on which ICs are built is a semiconductor, such as silicon or gallium arsenide. In order to …

Integrated circuits have their origin in the invention of the transistor in 1947. It was invented by William B. Shockley and his team, including John Bardeen and Walter H. Brattain, at the American …

Dec 11, 2025 · Integrated circuit - Microprocessor, Components, Design: Microprocessors are the most-complicated ICs. They are composed of billions of transistors that have been configured as …

Nov 20, 2025 · Integrated circuit - P-N Junction, Transistors, Microchips: A p-type or an n-type semiconductor is not very useful on its own. However, joining these opposite materials creates what …

Dec 11, 2025 · Integrated circuit - Bipolar Transistors: Bipolar transistors simultaneously use holes and electrons to conduct, hence their name (from “two polarities”). Like FETs, bipolar transistors contain …

Dec 11, 2025 · Integrated circuit - Photolithography, Microfabrication, Manufacturing: In order to alter specific locations on a wafer, a photoresist layer is first applied (as described in the section Deposition).

Nov 28, 2025 · During the early 1980s very large-scale integration (VLSI) vastly increased the circuit density of microprocessors. In the 2010s a single VLSI circuit holds billions of electronic components …

Jack Kilby was an American engineer and one of the inventors of the integrated circuit, a system of interconnected transistors on a single microchip. In 2000, Kilby was a corecipient, with Herbert …

Dec 8, 2025 · Robert Noyce (born December 12, 1927, Burlington, Iowa, U.S.—died June 3, 1990, Austin, Texas) was an American engineer and co-inventor of the integrated circuit, a system of …